posting revision and notes
Mid-Tudor crisis
“A sick and rapidly ageing bully, a boy too young to rule and
a woman of limited political ability”- Paul Thomas
- 1540-1563 England faced a series of
disastrous foreign wars, Coups d’etats (attempts to overthrow government), 3 serious rebellions, attempts to subvert
the succession and 6 dramatic changes to the official state religion an epidemic that wiped out 1/5 of the
population and an economic depression.
Last years of Henry VIII
- 1540-47- no main minister. Fall of Cromwell introduced a period of
increased political instability. Seen in the growth of rival factions in this period.
- Two leading rival parties were those supporting reform
in politics and religion such as archbishop Cranmer, Edward Seymour and later the duke of Somerset. The other party were the conservatives, wishing to see less reform. These were Thomas Howard duke of Norfolk and Stephen Gardiner bishop of Winchester.
- Success of conservatives was disgrace of Cromwell and Henry’s
marriage to Catherine Howard,
- Success of reform was catherines trial and execution for adultery
in 1542. oth strove for supremacy at court for next 5 years
- Reformers gained advantage with marriage of Catherine Parr(protestant)
and imprisonment of Duke of Norfolk and Gardiner dismissed from privy council.
- Some historians see these disputes between factions were a normal
part of Tudor politics and it was necessary for a healthy government ut others see these disputes as a sign of increasing
dynastic weakness.
- Edward Seymour= Earl of Heartford (1537)=Duke of somerset (feb 1547)
- John Dudley= Earl or Warwick (1547)=Duke of Northumberland (oct 1551)
Was the reign of a minor necessarily a negative experience for the country?
·
Previous monarch’s
such as Henry III and Richard II ruled successfully and they were the same age as Edward. Edward V was only 12 but his reign
was cut short as he was murdered. Henry VI was only 9 months old when he came to the throne. By comparing their earlier reign
to their latter we can see a change in adulthood to receiving opposition, being weak and Richard was murdered compared to
their earlier years.
·
But child monarch doesn’t
give stability
·
Child monarch always problem
as leading potential powers would step forwards, choosing personal interest over national interest
·
Or some refused to make changes, fear of being answerable to monarch when he comes of age.
Edward
1= irrelevant, 6= he was most important power
Time |
Power rating |
Example |
On his accession |
1 |
Henry VIII will ignored, Edward controlled by somerset. He reduced his servants and somerset ruled
by using the dry stamp and proclamations |
Somersets fall |
3 |
Edward time taken in education not politics yet influence considerable. When forced to go to Windsor castle he complained and became ‘ill’. He condemned his uncle by saying he had threatened to create riots
in the street. |
Early Northumberland (1550-51) |
3 |
Attended privy council meetings, regularly and setting some agendas. He was quickly developing political
skills |
Later Northumberland (1552-53) |
4 |
Drawing up agendas, leading and contributing to discussions. Already cultivating links with foreign
ambassadors and making independent use oif his sectaries. Northumberland let Edward be involved in government but he was still
in overall control and placed limits of Edward eg) foreign policy
Edward change succession in favour of lady Jane grey. |
Somerset as Lord Protector
How he rose to power?
- Brother
of jane Seymour, political rise from 1536
- March 1537 became member of privy council and earl of hertford after
birth of Edward
- During 1540’s gained experience of diplomacy and the battlefield
- 31 january
1547, after Henry’s death, privy council elected
somerset as protector and he ruled with virtual royal authority.
- 4 feb 1547- Edward and 13 executors signed a document giving someset sovereign authority
until he was 18.
- 16 feb 1547- became duke of somerset
- Henry VIII intended to create a balance the privy council in his will
but with Gardiners explusion and norfolks arrest= unbalances
- Somerset was dominant figure and became lord protector as he was King’s uncle, had
strong military reputation and been in favour of Henry VIII
- Somerset kept Kings Death secret until he had possession of Edward and also had custody
of the will and dry stamp. Somerset made leader of the council
- By end of feb. Seymour had secured firm support of majority of councillors and made lord protector with right to appoint and dismiss members
of privy council.
- Given confiscated monastic property to support his new titles
- Bought off his opposition with titles and land.
How he governed country
- Somerset granted Quasi-royal power by letters patent in march 1547
- Somerset used proclaimations more than any other tudor ruler (over 70 in less than 3 years.
Henry used then 6 times, huge increase) he was creating laws without parl. but
he did call parliament to ratify them.
- Obtained sole custody of the dry stamp and insisted kings signature
not valid without his to accompany it.
- Household servants used as government officials.
- He by-passed the privy council. Nicknamed Household servants the ‘new
council’
- Country run from soemrsets home, not the court. Had own council and
controlled the king
Why did he fall?
- Poor leadership- somerset alienated many people, reluctant to delegate
and by passed council and ruled from ‘the protectors palace’.
- Mishandling of foreign policy- failed campaign in
scotland and declaration of war on france disappointed council.
- Favouritism- controlled king by giving his men key positions
- Money making+ extravagance- built lavishly
- Social policy- his views on social justice alienated the aristocracy.
-western and Kett rebellions 1549
- Religious policy: many catholics opposed religious reforms.
- Country drifting into major crisis by 1549. somerset seemed unable
to take decisive actions to suppress uprisings. His colleagues abandoned him due to his failure to prevent anarchy. Even lost
favour of king.
- Northumberland engineered somersets arrest in oct 1549 and there was
no opposition
- He was released early next year but then after joining privy council,
was accused of plotting against government and executed in jan 1552
Northumberland
How he rose to power
·
March 1542 became viscount
Lisle on death of his stepfather
·
1540’s earned his
military reputation in land and sea battles against scots and French
·
fev 1547 on henrys death,
he became earl of warwicj and lord great chamberlain
·
aug 1549- crushed kett’s
rebellion, restored law and order
·
oct 1549- planned somersets
removal
·
jan 1550- became lord
president of the council
·
oct 1551- became duke
of Northumberland
·
june 1553- attempted to
change succession to his own advantage
·
Northumberland placed
friends and relations around king
·
Pretended to be catholic
sympathiser and conspired with conservatives. They planned to seize power and get him arrested along with somerset, but Northumberland
plotted with reform party. with Archbishop Cranmers help he gained control over administration of royal household, won confidence
of king and by feb 1550 he expelled the conservatives from council, bringing in protestant groups.
How he governed
·
Style of government geared
to his personal political objectives
·
His role in the downfall
of somerset and his elevation to power seems to have been motivated by his interest for survival
·
He staffed household with
his men who could control Edward
·
He extended use of importance
of privy council. He made himself lord president of the council so had power to fix agendas and meetings to bar councillors.
·
He also assumed kings
power to create new councillors
·
Supporters of somerset
who’d been arrested were released and returned to their posts
·
He enlarged membership
of the council to 33 to increase his authority and chose men who had military experience so incase of armed rebellions he’d
have immediate support
·
He made less use of proclamations
preferring to use parliament to confirm legislation.
Why did he fall from power?
·
His power depended on
support of Edward VI. As kings health deteriorated the problem of sucession became an issue. Mar was to succeed but her catholic
sympathies were unpopular. To prevent return to Catholicism, Northumberland and king changed succession to lady jane grey,
·
Northumberland married
his son to jane in may 1553
·
Edward died before plans
for power were complete. Jane grey was proclaimed queen but Northumberland underestimated the amount of support mary had.
·
He marched into Suffolk with an army of 2,000 men but they deserted him. The privy council changed sides and proclaimed mary as queen.
·
Northumberland was executed
on 22 august in spite of his renunciation of Protestantism
Edwards religious beliefs
- 5% of Edwards chronicle is devoted to subject of religion. Main concernw
as not doctrine but control and structure of the episcopacy (bishops, hierarchy of church)
- Edward liked long, complicated sermons and scribbled greek notes while
he listened (highly educated)
- Out of 22 royal preachers, 20 were reforming bishops or evangelical
preachers
- April 1550, Spanish ambassador reported that all those around the
king were advanced protestants and that the king was delighted in supporting his beliefs.
- Many of people close to the king were protestant, his tutor Richard
Coxe, archbishop crammer, Catherine Parr and 2 advisers cecil and Hales.
- He was held in very high esteem by leading reformers. Could speak
on same level as leading adults.
Was he a reformer? Did he have a keen interest in religion?
·
Always attended privy
council when it was about religion
·
Not happy with the moderate
first book of common prayer
·
Aware of details surrounding
the writing of the second book of prayer
·
Involved in parliamentary
legislation behind the second act of uniformity
·
Determined to make everyone
attend protestant services
·
Driving force behind persecution
of his sister mary and attempted to prevent her succession.
·
Attended privy council
meetings and discussed religious changes
·
Favoured and encouraged
radical reformers
·
Northumberland pursued a radical religious policy for the king liking
·
Edward promoted preaching
as “the true preacher with doctrine and example print and engrave in the people mind the word of God”
Changes in religion 1547-53
In the last few years of Henry’s reign, Henry had been under pressure from the reform paty led by the archbishop
Cranmer who wanted to introduce moderate Lutheran ideas. The opposition group led by Bishop Gardiner wanted minimum change
to Catholicism. By 1547 the church in England had many inconsistencies hwich were unacceptable to both reformer and conservatives.
|
1529 (before reformation. R.C) |
1547(end henry’s reign) |
1550 |
1553 |
Eucharist
(transubstantiation/consubstantiation
(became blood and body or symbolised it) |
Mass unchallenged. Transubstantiation not questioned |
Act of 6 articles (1539) re-established
Transubstantiation
Consubstantiation no longer accepted |
transubstantiation |
consubstantiation |
Communion
(one or both) |
Clergy took both bread and wine. Ordinary people took just bread |
Up until 1539 everyone could take both but in 1547 ordinary people banned from taking both, just bread |
Both bread and wine |
Both bread and wine |
Sacraments
(which ones) |
7 sacraments 1529 (baptism, eucharist, confirmation, penance, marriage, ordination, last rites) |
`1536- act of 10 articles got rid of 4 sacraments leaving baptism, eucharist penance.
1537 other 4 are reintroduce
all re-established |
4 sacraments, communion, baptism. Last rites and marriage |
Same as 1550 |
Clerical celibacy
(don’t marry or have relationships) |
Priests couldn’t marry |
A lot of priests had married. 1539 prests were banned from marrying. If had they had to get rid of
their family/wife so wouldn’t get fired |
Clerg allowed to marry |
Same as 1550
|
The bible |
In latin, only clergy allowed to read |
New English bible
1530- meant to be able to read it at home
act of true religion restricted access to bible to upper class
men and women had to read it in private, not in groups
|
In English
Bibles expensive, those who could read were able to |
Same as 1550 |
Worship of images and saints |
Allowed in 1529 |
Pilgrimages banned
Images+statues stayed in church but banned from worshipping it |
Discouraged but not banned, there were some images removed |
No images remaining in any churches |
monastries |
Provided a lot of employment
Central to life of both rich and poor
Monks=biggest landowner |
Gone, small ones closed first for money |
NO |
NO |
Chantries (sing to help people speed up out of hell) |
Little chaples on part of church where masses sung for the dead |
Dissolved in some areas, survived in others |
NO |
NO |
Services (in latin?) |
Services in latin, most people wouldn’t understand |
Responses were in English
Not enforced, priest spoke in latin and they replied in
english |
ENGLISH |
ENGLISH |
Salvation (how it’s achieved) |
Have to go through penance and purgatory and eventually become fit enough for heaven |
Purgatory iplied but not stated
Things that weren’t important were left |
No prayers for the dead
Purgatory=vague |
Justification by faith alone |
Priestly vestments |
Very ornate |
Still wore same robes |
Tradition robes |
Robes gone, plain black and white |
Prayers for dead? |
yes |
In theory not meant to be any but allowed to continue |
NO |
NO |
Religious change under Edward
1547- removal of catholicism
·
Royal visitation- commissioners
were sent to all bishoprics to examine the state of the clergy, doctrine and practises of the church. Episcopal authority was suspended
·
July-Book of Homilies
and Paraphrases- placed in every church. Homilies contained some protestant sermons written by crammer, included one Lutheran
belief of justification of faith alone. Gardiner and Bonner were objected and imprisoned established in all churches by the
end of 1549
·
July-Royal Injunctions-
all clergy to preach in English, have an English bible and protestant literature in every parish church. Superstitious images
removed
·
4nov-24 December 1547- chantries
act- act of dissolution contains crucial new preamble condemning all prayers for the dead.
“in fact the chantries act was more significant as a gesture of
reform than an act of plunder”
·
4 nov-dec 1547- act of
6 articles repealed- left church w/o official doctrine. Treason act repealed, removed old heresy, treason etc. laws.
·
People could discuss religion
freely w/o fear of arrest or imprisonment and to plot and publish freely. Radicals leapt on this opportunity to spread their
views destroying catholic images and altars. Protestant pamphlets attacked the mass and Catholics and government stripped
itself of the power it needed to curb these outbursts
·
Privy council= majority
were reformers
·
9 bishops- definite reformers,
10 were conservatives and 8 were undecided.
·
Somerset was moderate protestant and favoured cautious reform.
·
Reforms would not satisfy
the extreme protestant- slow approach
·
It increased the anti-catholic
protests
·
Somerset government had to get itself established before radical change.
1548- unofficial Protestantism
- Seen as period of indecision
- Jan-march- series of proclamations issued to dampen protestant unrest-
privy council felt need to assert that transubstantiation was still technically in force and catholics rites still needed
to be adhered to. Government trying to achieve order and was playing for time while Cranmer produced new prayer book.
- 11 feb- all images removed from churches
- 24 april- proclamations stating only authorised clergy to preach
- 23 sept- proclamations stating no preaching until new liturgy introduced.
(liturgy= instructions stating out how church service must be performed)
- Government felt situation was slipping out of control, couldn’t
control protestant activity, people smashing windows, freedom to preach= different interprtations
- Dec- first prayer book- written by Cranmer outlining liturgy
1548-52- ceremonial change
·
Somerset and council now in stronger position by late 1548
·
Jan – act of uniformity-
common book of prayer= official liturgy- effectively enforced despite pockets of resistance (eg:western rebellion)
·
Nov 1549- parliament removed
all laws against clerical marriage, all ecclesiastical courts were in the kings name.
·
25 dec 1549- proclamation
issued which ordered destruction of remainder of images
·
jan 1550- new reformed
ordinal- ordinal detailed the ceremony to be followed when clergy were ordained- radical protestant Hooper was outraged b
swearing of oath to saints and wearing white surplice.
·
Nov 1550- removal of stone
altars and replacement by wooden ones
·
Jan 1552- new treason
act- made it an offence to question the royal supremacy or any articles of faith in the church
·
Transubstantiation, robes
and holy days remain to please catholics.
·
Nothing happens from 1549
onwards due to rebellions and 1549-somerset fall
·
Conservatives have upper
hand for a time being a Northumberland worked with them to remove somerset
·
Northumberland ditches
conservatives and proceeds with radical reform
·
Bishops die, conservatives
replaced with radical reformers.
1552- 53: full Protestantism
- Jan 1552- second book of common prayer- protestant document removed
all traces of Catholicism and established a eucharist ceremony liked with calvins belief of ‘spiritual presence’.
Prayers for dead and vestments removed. Still opposed by some reformers who resented being expected to kneel during communion.
- April 1552- second act of uniformity- enforced 2nd book
of common prayer. Became offence for both clergy and laity not to attend church of England service
- Nov 1552- ‘black rubic’ proclamation- kneeling to reciueve
communion was for the sake of god order, not out of idolatry. Edward personally intervened in this debate
- 24 nov
1552- 42 articles submitted- issued by government on 9 june 1553, but never became parliamentary law. Based on Cranmers ideas. Articles= strongly protestant,
being based on doctrine of justification by faith alone and loosely on calvins belief in predestination. Became basis of 39
articles.
- 1553- short catechism was produced (w.o parl approval)- manual for
teaching the main belief of the church, written in a question and answer format. Luther and calvin had produced catechisms.
Rebellions 1549
1549= year of crisis
23 countries were affected by rebellions. This was biggest disorder since peasant revolt of 1381. 10,000
people died which in proportion to population equated to the death rate in WWI. None of the rebellions intended to threat
the established order, nor intended to put an alternative on the throne. The reaction of government could do much to inflame
or calm these protests.
Causes of the Kett’s rebellion
- enclosure: first article of their demands, opposed any future enclosure.
Many farmers had built enclosed sheep runs and it was the attack on the flowerdew’s enclosure that triggered the whole
rebellion. The list contained complaints on a whole range of local farming issued. From may 48 to summer 49, government took
action= worse as sympathised with rebels and not landowners, set precedent for more to attack.
- Rents- increase in rents during period of rapid inflation= economic
situation od ordinary people was worsened.
- somersets policies-sympathetic to poor, gave support to commonswealth
men, attacked landlord’s greed, passed an act protecting rights of copyhold tenants etc. this made him fall from favour
in the eyes of the landlords and encouraged more rebellions.
- protest against bad government in east anglia-appealing directly to
king and government
- religion and the clergy- articles relating to religion are thoughtful
calls for more competent and involved clergy. Concerned by poor quality of priests and failure to fulfil their duties. One
article requests that they do more to educate the poor and another states that clergy shouldbe priests for the whole community.
The rebels demanded for congregations to choose their clergy.
- personality clashes- john flamedew=first fence and hedges to be uprooted,
who had outraged the village of wymondham with his rapacity. (bought local abbey and was pulling it down)
Government response to Kett’s rebellion
·
1st response-
21 july the york Herald arrived to offer full pardon to those who dispersed. The tone of offer
was conciliatory, promising to prohibit landlords from acting as farmers, reduce price of woll by a third and to appoint commissioners
to reform abuses. Kett rejected this, they had committed no crime. As Herald ordered kett to be arrested, the mood grew ugly
and Herald retreated
·
blood shed- rebels fetched
canon from coastal defence and attacked Norwich after Herald departure. By end of evening on 22 july, rebels had taken Norwich.
·
Government 1st attempt at suppression: :sent small army
of 1,8000 under command of william parr to Norwich with orders to negotiate and cut off rebels supply lines arrived on 30
july, offered full pardon to those who dispersed but little response. Kett left with no option but to attack and they succeeded
in recapturing Norwich
·
Full scale rebellion: William parr retreated in disgrace to London. He’d created a crisis for government and country. Commissioners issued for militias to be raised and mercenaries
were employed. Northumberland with 12,000 men arrived on 23 august
·
Government suppression: Northumberland’s army ground down the resistance of the rebels and on 26 august
kett made fatal decision to abandon their fortified position on top of mousehold heath and take up hastily constructed defences.
Northumberland army was bolstered by anotheer 1,000 foreign mercenaries.
·
27 august= carnage 3000 rebels slaughtered and kett arrested
·
aftermath= kett tried and hanged for treason on 26 november. 49 executions.
Causes of the western rebellion
- religious grievances: articles demanded
reintroduction of Catholicism. This ws to be achieved by reinstatement of 6 articles, use of latin, communion, prayers for
dead and mass.
- Economic factors: early stages of rebellion,
economic grievances figured more highly, complaints about taxes on sheep and cloth generated rumours about taxed on other
animals
- Personality clashes: William body (government
agent) intensified the antagonism felt towards religious changed with his heavy handed investigation into church property
(smashing windows)
- Government response: 1st response: somerset acting on inadequate info and had limited resources.
Used lord russelll to find a peaceful settlement & wrote a conciliatory response to the rebel demands. provided only a
small; army.
- Bloodshed: loyalty to crown led to citizens of Exeter to defend their city against
the rebels for six weeks. 8 july Russell tried to reach a settlement with rebels. 12 july reinforcements under lord grey were
delayed by another uprising. 28 july Russell began his advance against rebels and added by lord grey on 3 august.
- Government suppression- confrontations took place at Fenny bridges, clyst st mary and clyst heath,
pushing rebels further back. more reinforcements arrived under sir William Herbert. Somerset
heaped more pressure onto rusell to finish the job as French declared war on 8 august. 16 august Russell advanced and defeated
rebel forces at Samford Courtney
- Aftermath 3,000 people been killed. Robert welsh, a vicar, leader of rebels as hanged on gallows on
own church tower. Hostility towards government grew as they executed without trial and confiscated and redistributed property
illegally.
Details |
Western rebellion |
Kett’s rebellion |
country |
cornwall |
East anglia-Norwich |
Date started |
10 june 1549 |
6-8 july |
Leader/s |
Humphrey Arundell
Robert Welsh |
Robert Kett |
Trigger causes |
Resentment of William body and new prayer book
In devon provoked into rebellion by priests use of new prayer book on whit sunday |
Crowds broke down some enclosures fences and hedges including Flowerdew, he was
unpopular due to dispute with locals over abbey |
Articles produced |
yes |
Yes |
Main base |
Assembled in Bodmin |
Mousehold heath |
Local gentry reaction |
Gentry lost their grip on counties. Hellier tried to calm down rebellion in devon
and was hacked to pieces. Sir carew tried to interfere and aggravated the situation, having to flee.
2 gentlemen made father unsuccessful attempts to conciliate the rebels by agreeing
that religion should remain unchanged from henry viii reign |
Paralyzed authorities of country. Norwich trying
to attempt peaceful relations with new neighbour camped on mousehold heath. Sheriff nearly arrested when tried to disperse
rebels and gentry were powerless |
Governments reaction |
Someset has inadequate info and resources. Sent lord Russell to find peaceful settlement
and wrote response to the demands |
York herald arrives to offer full pardon to all those who disperse promising to
appoint commissioners to reform abuses etc. ket rejects it and herald tries to attack but forced to retreat |
negotiation |
Yes |
|
supression |
Confrontations forced rebels back and reinforcements arrives and defeated rebel
forces at sampford Courtenay |
1st attempt- somerset sent army of 1,800 but kett attacked and succeeded
in recapturing Norwich,. 2nd attempt= Northumberland army groud down resiustance and 3000
rebels slaughtered kett arrested |
punishments |
3000 people had been killed
Robert welsh hanged on gallows on his own church |
Kett tried and hanged
49 executions
|
Who wanted a restoration of catholicism?
- very few people, even mary’s advisers. Gardiner,
Mary’s most trusted adviser is unenthusiastic about return to papal supremacy. Renard worried about property concerns.
Chales V & Pope Julius urged caution, take it slowly. Cardinal pole was briefed to restore papal supremacy, didn’;t
arrive in England until a year after. Philip reconciliation with rome
became his top priority as wanted judos for himself.
Catholicism under mary
- gave up title of supreme head of church
- restored church to what it had been 1547 under act of 6 articles
- parl. Agreed to reintroduction of heresy laws when promised monastic
lands wouldn’t be restored to church
- parl, passed second act of repeal- undid all anti-papal legislation
since 1529 and Henrician reformation
- returned England to how it was except the monastic lands
- jan 1555 pope returned as head of church
methods used to achieve this
- archbishop Cranmer was arrested as well as latimer and ridley
- removed married clergy
- heresy suppressed
- 1554 holy days and ceremonies reintroduced-popular
- restores pope as head of church-january
- feb- protestant burning
- uses synod to address abuses that caused Protestantism
Obstacles that mary faced
- land-monastic
- still had to rely on parl. All parl legislation had to be undone by
parl.
- Cardinal pole- arrested for heresy
- Parl refused to repeal act of supremacy-parl showing her she had to
compromise
- Made Cranmer recant- when burned at stake he became martyr instead
as burnt hand first that had signed document
1553- Protestantism
1553- Removal of Edwards Protestantism
1552 restoration of catholic doctrine
1554 Catholicism enforced among clergy
1555 restoration of papal supremacy
1555-58 persecution of protestants
Factors hindering catholics restoration in mary’s reign
- shortness of reign
- pole didn’t give ecclesiastical policy his full attention owing
to his responsibility for seeking peace between Hapsburgs and French
- pole scheme to overhaul church finance required 2 huge surveys- one
of pensions to former monks & members of clergy & other of poor benefices.Took 18 months
- pole strategy relied on active involvement of bishops but 6 sees were
left vacant for most of reign
- Pope Julius III 1555 died. New pope anti Habsburg and in dispute with
Philip
- Marian government failed to realise potential of literacy and printing.
Critical works outnumbered publications that supported mary
- Propaganda opportunities not always seized
- Catholic leaders and writers wanted to reform not persuade, thought
heresy was problem burning would solve
- Bishops should be driving force for reforming but still in sees until
april 1554 and lengthy vacancies
- Pope rejected help of Jesuits in 1555. howevere their presence may
have caused more probles rather than solving any (no control over them)
- Many bishops removed weren’t replaced
- New bishops appointed but not confirmed as pope refused to confirm
them- leaderless in areas
Persuasions and persecutions of protestants
Carrots (persuasion) |
Sticks( persecution) |
- Felt they would persuade protestants of error of their ways to make
them return to Catholicism
- Catholic believed if they redressed the abuses within the catholic
church which had been the focus of early protestant criticism then there’d be no need for a protestant church (too late)
- Encouraged bishops to make regular checks on clergy, remove pluralism
- Tried to improve educational level of clergy- do a better job, set
up seminaries and catholic schools
- Encouraged pro catholic writers to take on board and counter protestant
propaganda
- Government organised open air sermons in hope to
win over protestants (mainly in London( given by best preachers
|
- Burning of key protestants- leaders, bishops, archbishops
- Strict censorship to silence protestant press, couldn’t print
their views
- Death penalty introduced for having treasonable books
- Writers were imprisoned
- If found guilty of slander against mary of Philip then it was treason=
death penalty.
|
How effective was all this?
- Didn’t work, protestant press went underground
- Many protestants fled country to Netherlands
- Burning proudced martyrs, reinforced many people’s determination
to hand onto their faith
- Ruined mary’s reputation
Marriage and rebellion
- Mary married Philip on 25 july 1554
- Marriage treaty was result of spain and habsburgs desire to have England as an ally, rather than risk England joining france as a rival –FOREIGN POLICY
- Sarked off wyatt rebellion as marriage was unpopular, felt England
interest would suffer, queen marrying a foreigner, different perspective queen marrying a man- bow down to husband, foreign
influence=greater. Once terms of marriage were said, the rebellions occurred
- Rebels were all protestant and feared catholic reformation
- Rebellions started in Kent, cloth trade still in decline and people
suffering=less tolerant
- Rebellion was gentry led, gentry feared career opportunities would
diminish with Philips presence at court.
How serious was Wyatt’s rebellion
Rebellion dangerous |
Rebellion not dangerous |
- Wyatt was able to raise a force of nearly 3,000 men while marys council
could not agree what to do
- The elderly duke of Norfolk failed to stop rebels en route to London from Rochester
- Mary gave a rousing speech to Londoners at guildhall
on 1 feb 1554, in which she professed ‘as a mother doth love a child’ to stand
firm in her cause
- Mary decided against help of imperial troops, which would have fuelled
the rebels xenophobia (fear of foreigners)
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- Events moved too fast for the conspirators. Rising moved forwards
2 months
- Opposition to marriage was strong but not as strong as the feeing
had been to put mary on the throne
- Mary decided to wait for the rebels in London rather than sending forces to meet them in Kent
- Courtenay was weak and confessed his involvement early
- Orthodox protestants leadership (loyal) did not want to get involved
in revolt so much that some imprisoned ministers and refused to be liberated by rebels
- The vigilance of Renard and Paget took the sting out of rebels plans,
kept one step ahead of rebels
- The French having been in touch with the conspirators thought Noailles,
their ambassador, did not seize opportunity to invade FOREIGN POLICY- COULD HAVE BEEN DANGEROUS
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Parliaments under Edward and Mary
1.how does pattern of parl meeting compared with earlier reigns?
- gap between 1555-1558 in mary’s reign. In Edwards reign meets
a lot more frequently
- frequent in both
- both working with parliament
- parl can workwith mary-adult level
- Edward reign frequent due to being child?
- similar to 1530 parliament.
2.why was parl called during this period?
- called to make change to religious settlement
- Edward- reform church and mary-counter reformation
- Social and economic issues
3. was this a significant period in parl history?
- Significant? Yes
- Period of problems, parl opposition, mp’s protecting business
and industry, self interest
- Furthering reformation and counter reformation- parl has role.
- Given opportunity to debate religious changes
- Seats in parl were sought after.
4. were parl a focal point of opposition to royal administrations ?
- Edwards reign- little opposition “malleable house of commons”
interested in own interest not church doctrines
- Mary- many protestants left at start of her reign, parl=more catholic
or moderate protestants. Monastic lands-opposition initially due to counter reform-material interests
5. what do parl tell us about quality of marys government?
- See parl as important
- Mp’s prepared to co-operate as mary was prepared to co-operate
and compromise- meet them half way (monastic lands) and (Philip coronation)
- Wanted to make sure Elizabeth was looked after.
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